The Conflict Between Reformers And Politicians - 1110 Words

Conflict between reformers and politicians over the enforcement of laws regulating the morality of migrants, and corruption that resulted from the relationships between police, political leaders and citizens produced a struggle for control over the police. (Walker). During the 19th-century, civilians tried to reform police organizations by applying external pressures. Those attempts all but failed. During the 20th-century, reformers shaped contemporary policing through the 1970’s. (Fogelson) Berkeley’s police chief, August Vollmer, first rallied police executives around the idea of reform during the 1920’s and early 1930’s. It was Vollmer’s protà ©gà ©, O.W. Wilson, who became the principal administrative architect of the police reform organizational strategy. (Wilson) Reformers rejected politics as the basis of police legitimacy. Reformers believed political involvement and corruption was ‘the’ problem with American policing. They moved to end the close ties between local political leaders and the police. Civil service positions eliminated the loyalty for jobs and political influences in hiring and firing of police officers. Law and police professionalism was established as the principal basis of police legitimacy. Reformers were so persuasive in their removal of political influences, police departments became one of the most autonomous public organizations in the government. (Goldstein) Policing of a city became a legal and technical matter. It was left to the discretion ofShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights And Gender Violence1000 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Rights and Gender Violence: Translating International Law into Local Justice by Sally Eagle Merry observes and scrutinizes the burden between global law and local injustices. She argue s that human rights law must be embedded in a local society in order to be recognized as influential social constructs. She then specifically speaks of gender violence and how this injustice is ingrained through cultural and religious traditions, and transformations are usually resisted within a culture throughRead MoreRonald Reagan Prolonged The Cold War Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesIt was the immediate events after the War which lead to renewed tensions between the superpowers. Many commentators attribute the Berlin Blockade crisis of 1948 to be the catalyst that sparked the beginning of the Cold War. The Cold War period was a state of political and military tension running parallel with the development of nuclear weapons between the United States and the Soviet Union. The ideological differences between these two Superpowers put massive strain on their relationship. USA wasRead MoreAn Age Of Reform Swept1294 Words   |  6 Pageshumane treatment for the insane. The radicals d id their best for what they thought was right and changed our country for the better. There were costs and benefits to many movements, groups, and radical individuals who sought change between 1840 and 1877. They created conflict, chaos, and changes that played a part in making many reforms for their era. One such group that created a change was the American Temperance Society which was found in 1826. The American Temperance Society directed its effortsRead MoreThe Progressive Era Of The Gilded Age1455 Words   |  6 Pagestime period there was a series of conflicts with the native Americans called the Indian wars which caused the death of many Native Americans. These conflicts were started because of the white man’s need to expand his land in order to have more power, land the Native Americans lived on, and when they refused to move a war was started following the trail of tears and reservation systems. This image demonstrates the large changes implemented by progressive reformers like Richard Henry Pratt as seen byRead MoreThe Violence Of A Multi Ethnic Society1659 Words   |  7 PagesSamuel Huntington famously stated that the fiercest clashes have become battles between civilizations, according to him these clashes are neither ideological or economic, but rather cultural. Huntington couldn t have been more mistaken. In reality, the modern world has become plagued with an increasing presence of intra-state wars as modern conflict has become synonymous with clashes between individuals, groups, and communities that differ very little. Freud attempted to explain this perplexingRead MorePolice Enforcement Has Behind The World Of Technology972 Words   |  4 Pagespatrol quite significantly. However, technology would eventually out-run the police. Political Era From the 1840s to around the 1920s, most police forces that had been established consisted of men who had been appointed for limited terms by local politicians. It was during the political era that in 1877, New York police started using the first form of communication known as the electronic telegraph to communicate long distances rapidly. Police officers were assigned a geographical area, known as aRead MoreEssay on History of Roman Citizenship688 Words   |  3 Pagesvoted on by Roman citizens only but being delegated to all the territory of Rome. The people outside the walls of Rome and its citizens were being ruled without a vote into their own laws, and they saw it as unfair. This is comparable to the issue between the emerging United States and Great Britain in the years prior to the American Revolution. The people were being legislated but had no say in their own legislation. The provinces were appeased by Rome though, for Rome was sharing the spoils ofRead MoreSlavery in the Upper And Lower South1276 Words   |  6 Pageswhite Southerners that their values eventually divided them from their fellow citizens in the Union. The South of 1860 was uniformly committed to a single cash crop, cotton. During its reign, however, regional differences emerged between the Lower South, where the linkage between cotton and slavery as strong, and the Upper South, where slavery was relatively less important and the economy more diversified. Plantations were the leading economic institution in the Lower South. Planters were the most prestigiousRead MoreThe Radical And The Republican996 Words   |  4 Pagesand Reconstruction, Slavery, the Old South, Abolitionism and U.S. and World History. Oakes taught previously at Princeton University and Northwestern University. Oakes keeps the reader hooked at every turn of the page by switching back and forth between Abraham Lincoln’s (republican); who pledged to the democratic ethics of the Declaration of Independence, in trying to attain a more perfect union, and his central role in progressing the cause of slave freedom, first by issuing the Emancipation ProclamationRead MoreThe Influence Of The Americas1402 Words   |  6 Pagesbeginning, the American Revolutionary War was a political upheaval that materialized between 1765 and 1783 in which rebels in 13 American Colonies rejected autocracy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of the British Empire, and supported an Independent nation. The American Revolutionary War was the result of a series of social, political, and government oppression. Later as a more developed nation, Progressive reformers tried to set action concerning the political corruption in the three levels of

The Discovery Of The Polio Vaccine - 1963 Words

Ashley Anderson Professor Giunta CHS 113-01 23 April 2017 In this term paper the discovery of the Polio vaccine will be discussed and broken down into deeper thought on why and how it was discovered. Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease that reached epidemic levels in the mid twentieth century. People that were unfortunate to receive this disease faced hardships including fevers, sore throat and vomiting(Allaby). These are just symptoms but Polio can be a vicious disease leaving their patients paralyzed. The majority of people who are diagnosed with Polio don’t get paralyzed right away or die suddenly. The symptoms are very similar to any other sickness and people who are newly diagnosed do not†¦show more content†¦These other scientists include Thomas Francis, Jr. who Salk worked with for a year in microbiology and resulting in Francis isolating two types of influenza virus(Allaby). Microbiologist John Enders,virologists Frederick Robbins and Thomas Weller all influenced Salk to find the breakthrough he so desperately needed. Both virologists grown viruses in tissue taken from a living organism using penicillin to keep the object free from infection(Allaby). This was a breakthrough for Salk because he copied their procedure and used viruses from the spinal cords of polio patients and grew them in another object to test on(Allaby). Jonas Silk has always been involved with medical science throughout his entire life. He attends and graduates in surgery from the City College of New York. In 1938 when Salk works with Thomas Francis he was introduced to finding the influenza vaccine(Allaby). This is the event that made Salk interested in finding out more about viruses and urges him to want to find a vaccine for a disease. Salk ended up working on a influenza vaccine at the Virus Research Unit of the University of Michigan School of Public Health(Allaby). From working on the influenza vaccine Salk had the opportunity to become the head of the virus research laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh i n 1947(Allaby). This is where and when Salk decides to begin his work on the polio vaccine. The testing Salk produced with the Polio virus in the spinal cords, they revealed that thereShow MoreRelatedThe Discovery Of Polio Vaccine Essay2213 Words   |  9 Pagespoliomyelitis, otherwise known as polio. However, a breakthrough was reached when Jonas Salk managed to developed the first vaccine, which he brought to the public in 1955 after testing the drug on himself, family, and others. Salk developed a killed-virus vaccine through tissue-culture methods discovered by the scientist John Enders. Unfortunately, Salk’s vaccine was not the cure that the scientific community, and the world, had hoped for, as the results of the vaccine took a critical turn for the worseRead MoreThe Polio Vaccine Essay1082 Words   |  5 PagesThe Polio Vaccine The discovery of the polio vaccine was an important medical and scientific breakthrough because it saved many lives since the 1950s. In the summer of 1916 the great polio epidemic struck the United states. By the 1950s hundreds of thousands of people had been struck by the poliomyelitis. The highest number of cases occurred in 1953 with over 50,000 people infected with the virus. When hygienic conditions were poor polio attacked infants. The disease was spread by contaminatedRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Polio During The Egyptian Era1586 Words   |  7 Pageswithout warning. It wasn’t until research skills and technology accessibility improved that scientists were able to grasp the idea that it was all caused by the Poliomyelitis virus. Polio began ravaging through the world in the twentieth century, crippling children, and, even after the discovery of numerous vaccines, is still relentless enough that it infects children today. Poliomyelitis, also called â€Å"infantile paralysis† (Swanson 1), is a virus that has been around for over 3,000 years, but hadRead MoreThe Use Of Animals And Animal Consumption1691 Words   |  7 Pagesmore advancements have been made in medical research than in any prior era. Diseases such as polio, tuberculosis, malaria, and smallpox can now be either prevented or treated due to pharmaceutical research that involved the use of animals. The use of animals in scientific research is important because the use of animals has allowed there to be many advancements in the medical field, such as discovering vaccines for deadly diseases, and has allowed for the regulation of chemicals that may be harmful forRead MoreThe Polio Vaccine Through The Eyes Of Its Creator1218 Words   |  5 Pagescreation of the polio vaccine through the eyes of its creator. Salk also describes his childhood and the events that lead up to his medical breakthrough. Latour, Bruno , Steve Woolgar, and Jonas Salk. Introduction. Laboratory Life. 1986.Reprint. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. 11. Print. It showed the way that Jonas Salk studied polio and how he came to the conclusion that the vaccine was correct. He also taught that it is a life taking job and that polio vaccine was a difficultRead MoreVaccines Prevent The Human Race1697 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Vaccines prevent an estimated 2.5 million deaths among children younger than age 5 every year, [however;] 1 child dies every 20 seconds from a disease that could have been prevented by a vaccine† (Global Health Security: Immunization). Providing immunity to human, vaccines have saved countless lives through one simple injecting and have eradicated many diseases that used be common among people. Vaccines is the solution and allow us to be able to combat diseases that have overwhelmed humans for centuriesRead MorePolio And Its Effects On Children1387 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å" I got it [polio] when I was a little girl. My parents watch as I slowed down and my hand stopped working. We couldn’t afford the sur gery to fix it, but I finally better. But my hand is a constant remember, but I refuse to let it stop me.†(6) Poliomyelitis, deriving from Greek meaning grey and marrow. Which more than likely refers to the spinal cord, along with the suffix –itis or inflammation.(4) For a time, Poliomyelitis was once was called infantile paralysis because of its primary effects onRead MoreVaccines And The Diseases Of Vaccines1542 Words   |  7 PagesVaccines and the diseases they are used for have been an incredible scientific feat that has changed the way we live drastically. Before vaccines, people were dying rapidly from many diseases that are now either eradicated or controlled. Vaccines have saved millions of lives and are continuing to do so today. People no longer live in fear of catching a disease from other people due to vaccinations and what they do to the body. Diseases come in all shapes and sizes, and science has been able to successfullyRead MoreVaccines And Its Effect s On Children1339 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays, there are many vaccines invented by different scientists. Vaccines are so much in demand that even a simple flu has a certain vaccine. They have been invented to protect us. Its main function is to build our immune system and allow it to work against different kinds of bacteria. However instead of helping us fight against infection and certain diseases, vaccines can be the main cause of infection and diseases. Because of its live-attenuated organism, which means the pathogens were partiallyRead MoreWhat Is Poliomyelitis?1564 Words   |  6 PagesWHAT IS POLIO? Poliomyelitis or polio, is highly contagious viral infection that can lead to abnormal conditions such as paralysis, breathing problems, or even lead to death. The poliomyelitis is from the word â€Å"grey†, myelos referencing to the â€Å"matter† of the spinal cord, -itis meaning inflammation. So it means the inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord. Poliomyelitis can be categorize as either asymptomatic or symptomatic. About

Adoption Of A New Ehr - 1540 Words

Despite some barriers and challenges of EHR adoption, transitioning our office to paperless has become inevitable. Timely adoption of EHR would help our clinic receive incentives, merge paper records into the new database, and better organize patient information. In order to ensure the most seamless implementation possible, meticulous planning will be a must. First, the process of acquiring a new EHR system will start with developing an office strategy based on different needs of our clinic. Some critical questions should be asked such as what would be the main goal to go paperless, what would be some features that my clinicians regard important, would my practitioners need a remote access, or would they be committed in learning and using†¦show more content†¦Anita Ground also stresses on the huge importance of this planning stage by using a concept of system life cycle. It consists of feasibility study, analysis, design, programming, implementation, and lastly maintenance (Ground, 2011, VA TMS training material). The analysis phase in particular would coincide with what the author Yoshihashi is presenting in figuring out office strategy and researching EHR options. Identification of stakeholders and system requirement would play a critical role in EHR adoption (Ground, 2011). Stakeholders would include patients, family, clinici ans, billing, registration, and coding as well as the external users such as Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Bottom line is that the new system being purchased would need to provide meaningful use to the clinic based on the current certification standards. Health information technology (HIT) consultants would be able to provide valuable guidance in filtering information and narrowing the search down to a few that can work for this clinic. In order to get the best recommendation among many vendors out there, the following information would need to be provided and answered. 1) The inputting method: keyboard, mouse, stylus, touch screen, or voice-recognition 2) Work-flow including telephone triage, lab ordering, appointments, scheduling, and

Plasmolysis Hemolysis free essay sample

Osmosis The purpose of this lab is to study how membranes of plant and animal cells react when exposed to different solutions. The first experiment involves purple onion skin and the second involves rat blood in various solutions. I needed to understand certain terms before preforming this lab to be able to efficiently explain what is happening to the cells. Diffusion is the tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area. Facilitated diffusion is the spontaneous passage of molecules and ions bound to a specific carrier protein across a biological membrane down their concentration gradient. Active transport is the movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. A hypotonic solution is a solution with a lower solute concentration when comparing two solutions. We will write a custom essay sample on Plasmolysis Hemolysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An isotonic solution is a solution having the same solute concentration as another solute. A hypertonic solution is the solution with the greater solute concentration when comparing two solutions. A selectively permeable membrane is a property of biological membranes that allow some substances to cross more easily than others. A semi-permeable membrane is a membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion. I also gained a better understanding of the plasma membrane. â€Å"the plasma membrane functions as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients and wastes to service the entire volume of the cells† (Campbelle Reece,2005,p. 99). The plasma membrane consists of two hydrophilic regions and a hydrophobic region. There are two layers of phospholipids with the phospholipid heads facing opposite directions, with the tails sandwiched between. The plasma membrane also contains proteins that are embedded within the membrane that help transfer compounds in and out of the cell. What is let in and out of the cell is specific to the types of proteins and phospholipids present in the membrane. Figure 1 shows the layout of the phospholipid bilayer. Figure 1 www. onlinetutor. eagetutor. com The question being asked by this lab is â€Å"How will a plant or animal cell eact to different solutions? † My hypothesis is that the cell will remain stable when it is in a isotonic solution whether it is a plant or animal cell. When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, I expect for water to be absorbed faster than it is released and in a hypertonic solution, water will leave the cell faster than it can enter the cell. I ha ve learned that this is a standard way a cell will react when placed in a solution. How plant or animal cells react will vary from solution to solution. In the first experiment, titled plasmolysis, I had to cut three very thin slices of a purple onion membrane. Each slice was placed on a separate microscope slide. A couple drops of water were placed on the first slice of onion. Another couple of drops of 0. 3M sucrose solution were placed on the second slice of onion and finally a couple drops of 2. 0M sucrose solution was place on the third slice of onion. I then observed each slide under a microscope of 10x power and drew what I observed. In the second experiment, titled hemolysis, I obtained six test tubes and placed 2 mL of the following solutions into separate test tubes: water, glucose, glycerol, 0. 3M sucrose, 2. 0M sucrose and urea. I then added two drops of rat blood to the first test tube and started the timer. I swirled the solution and placed an index card behind the test tube to see if I could observe the lines of the index card through the solution. If after two minutes I couldn’t see the lines, I moved on to the next test tube and added two drops of rat blood. The same protocol followed with the remaining solutions; if after two minutes the lines from the index card are not visible, move on to the next solution. I recorded the time it took to see the lines of the index card on the chart provided in the lab. If after 30 minutes and the lines of the index card were not visible, the records should state â€Å"no hemolysis†. In the first experiment, I observed the onion membranes under a microscope when it was placed in different solutions. The first onion membrane I observed was placed in water. The cells looked swollen and tightly compacted. When I observed the onion skin in 0. 3M sucrose, the cells were loosely compacted. I last observed the onion membrane in 2. 0M sucrose and the cells looked very thin and far apart from each other in comparison to the other slides. When the cell is placed in a solution unlike itself, such as a hypertonic solution it will lose water or a hypotonic solution where the water concentration is higher outside of the cell and the cell will gain water. Other experiments that could be performed is using other solutions to find out what can be absorbed by the cell to discover what compounds can be found in plant cells. In the second experiment I discovered that water and urea quickly cause hemolysis. Hemolysis is when a blood cell bursts. This happens in a hypotonic solution where water enters the cell faster than it exits. Hemolysis also occurs when the blood was placed in glycerol but it took a long time in comparison to urea and water. The compounds that caused no hemolysis were glucose, 0. 3M sucrose, and 2. 0M sucrose. These solutions probably caused no hemolysis because the molecules could either not pass through the membrane or the concentration of water was equal to that inside the blood cell. This experiment did not fully coincide with my hypothesis because in the 2. 0M sucrose solution, the blood cells should have become shriveled; meaning the lines of the index card should have become visible after some time. The other compounds and cells reacted as my hypothesis stated they should. I would have liked to perform this experiment again ensuring that the right solutions were used. I would also like to conduct another experiment where I can rack how long it will take for the lines of the index card to become visible with no time limit. This experiment raised questions for me about what molecules can cross the membrane of blood cells. Observation of the blood cells in the solutions under a microscope would have helped a lot.